Marine Corps Field Manual 3 24 Counterinsurgency
Books.google.com.ua - When the U.S. Military invaded Iraq, it lacked a common understanding of the problems inherent in counterinsurgency campaigns. It had neither studied them, nor developed doctrine and tactics to deal with them. It is fair to say that in 2003, most Army officers knew more about the U.S. Civil War than. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual.
When the U.S. Military invaded Iraq, it lacked a common understanding of the problems inherent in counterinsurgency campaigns. It had neither studied them, nor developed doctrine and tactics to deal with them. It is fair to say that in 2003, most Army officers knew more about the U.S. Civil War than they did about counterinsurgency. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual was written to fill that void. The result of unprecedented collaboration among top U.S.
Military experts, scholars, and practitioners in the field, the manual espouses an approach to combat that emphasizes constant adaptation and learning, the importance of decentralized decision-making, the need to understand local politics and customs, and the key role of intelligence in winning the support of the population. The manual also emphasizes the paradoxical and often counterintuitive nature of counterinsurgency operations: sometimes the more you protect your forces, the less secure you are; sometimes the more force you use, the less effective it is; sometimes doing nothing is the best reaction. An new introduction by Sarah Sewall, director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, places the manual in critical and historical perspective, explaining the significance and potential impact of this revolutionary challenge to conventional U.S. Military doctrine. An attempt by our military to redefine itself in the aftermath of 9/11 and the new world of international terrorism, The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual will play a vital role in American military campaigns for years to come. The University of Chicago Press will donate a portion of the proceeds from this book to the Fisher House Foundation, a private-public partnership that supports the families of America’s injured servicemen.
To learn more about the Fisher House Foundation, visit www.fisherhouse.org.
. A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency ( COIN) can be defined as 'comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes'. An insurgency is a against a constituted authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as.
Get this from a library! Army/Marine Corps counterinsurgency field manual: U.S. Army field manual no. 3-24: Marine Corps warfighting publication no. [United States. Department of the Army.; United States. Marine Corps.] -- When the U.S. Military invaded Iraq, it lacked a common understanding of the. The Evolution and Importance of Army / Marine Corps Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency. Although there were lonely voices arguing that the Army needed to focus on counterinsurgency in the wake of the Cold War—Dan Bolger, Eliot Cohen, and Steve Metz chief among them—the sad fact is that when an insurgency began in Iraq in the late summer of 2003, the Army was unprepared to.
It is the organized use of subversion and violence to seize, nullify or challenge political control of a region. As such, it is primarily a political struggle, in which both sides use armed force to create space for their political, economic and influence activities to be effective. Counter-insurgency campaigns of duly-elected or politically recognized governments take place during, by a foreign military or police force, and when internal conflicts that involve subversion and armed occur. The most effective counterinsurgency campaigns integrate and synchronize political, security, economic, and informational components that reinforce governmental legitimacy and effectiveness while reducing insurgent influence over the population. COIN strategies should be designed to simultaneously protect the population from insurgent violence; strengthen the legitimacy and capacity of government institutions to govern responsibly and marginalize insurgents politically, socially, and economically. Contents. Objectives of Counter-insurgency According to scholars, it is crucial to know what this strategy was designed for to understand it comprehensively.
COIN strategy aims to achieve the support of local population for the government created by host nation. The main point of the modern counterinsurgency campaign is not simply kill and capture insurgents, but to improve living conditions, support government in providing services for people and eliminate any support for insurgency. ” –Aphorism based on the writing of Counter-insurgency is normally conducted as a combination of conventional military operations and other means, such as in the form of, and. Counter-insurgency operations include many different facets:, and civic actions taken to defeat. To understand counter-insurgency, one must understand to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. Insurgents capitalize on societal problems, often called gaps; counter-insurgency addresses closing the gaps.
When the gaps are wide, they create a sea of discontent, creating the environment in which the insurgent can operate. In The Insurgent Archipelago John Mackinlay puts forward the concept of an evolution of insurgency from the Maoist paradigm of the golden age of insurgency to the global insurgency of the start of the 21st-century. He defines this distinction as 'Maoist' and 'post-Maoist' insurgency. Legal and ethical challenges wrote: The requires that, to use force, ' must distinguish individuals presenting a threat from innocent. This basic principle is accepted by all disciplined militaries. In the counterinsurgency, disciplined application of force is even more critical because our enemies camouflage themselves in the civilian population. Our success in Iraq depends on our ability to treat the civilian population with humanity and dignity, even as we remain ready to immediately defend ourselves or Iraqi civilians when a threat is detected.
Counter-insurgency theorists Santa Cruz de Marcenado The third Marques of (1684–1732) is probably the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counter-insurgency. In his Reflexiones Militares, published between 1726 and 1730, he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency, prevent insurgencies, and counter them, if they could not be warded off. Strikingly, Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are usually due to real grievances: 'A state rarely rises up without the fault of its governors.'
Consequently, he advocated clemency towards the population and good governance, to seek the people's 'heart and love'. Liddell Hart The majority of counter-insurgency efforts by major powers in the last century have been spectacularly unsuccessful. This may be attributed to a number of causes. First, as pointed out in the Insurgency addendum to the second version of his book, a popular insurgency has an inherent advantage over any occupying force. He showed as a prime example the during the. Whenever Spanish forces managed to constitute themselves into a regular fighting force, the superior French forces beat them every time.
However, once dispersed and decentralized, the irregular nature of the rebel campaigns proved a decisive counter to French superiority on the battlefield. 's army had no means of effectively combatting the rebels, and in the end their strength and morale were so sapped that when was finally able to challenge French forces in the field, the French had almost no choice but to abandon the situation. Counter-insurgency efforts may be successful, especially when the insurgents are unpopular. The, the in Peru, and the in have been the sites of failed insurgencies. Hart also points to the experiences of and the during as another example of the power of the rebel/insurgent.
Though the often had advantages in manpower of more than 100 to 1, the ' ability to materialize out of the desert, strike, and disappear again often left the reeling and paralyzed, creating an opportunity for regular to sweep in and finish the Turkish forces off. In both the preceding cases, the insurgents and rebel fighters were working in conjunction with or in a manner complementary to regular forces. Such was also the case with the during and the during the Vietnam War. The strategy in these cases is for the irregular combatant to weaken and destabilize the enemy to such a degree that victory is easy or assured for the regular forces. However, in many modern rebellions, one does not see rebel fighters working in conjunction with regular forces. Rather, they are home-grown or imported fighters who have no unified goals or objectives save to expel the occupier.
According to Liddell Hart, there are few effective counter-measures to this strategy. So long as the insurgency maintains popular support, it will retain all of its strategic advantages of mobility, invisibility, and legitimacy in its own eyes and the eyes of the people. So long as this is the situation, an insurgency essentially cannot be defeated by regular forces.
Another option in combating an insurgency would be to make the presence of troops so pervasive that there is simply no place left for insurgents to hide, as demonstrated in 's conquest of during the or the Union occupation of with Federal troops following the. In each of these cases, enormous amounts of manpower were needed for an extended period to quell resistance over almost every square kilometre of territory. In an age of ever shrinking and increasingly computerized armed forces, this option too is precluded from a modern commander's options. Essentially, then, only one viable option remains.
The key to a successful counter-insurgency is the winning-over of the occupied territory's population. If that can be achieved, then the rebellion will be deprived of its supplies, shelter, and, more importantly, its moral legitimacy. Unless the of the public can be separated from the insurgency, the occupation is doomed to fail. In a modern, in the face of perceived incessant losses, no conflict will be tolerated by an electorate without significant show of tangible gains. Vietnam War Although the United States and its allies won several major battles with forces and their allies suffering staggering losses, the cost of victory was so high in the opinion of the US public ( U.S. Deaths) that it came to see any further possible gains as not worth the troop losses. As long as popular support is on their side, an insurgency can hold out indefinitely, consolidating its control and replenishing its ranks, until their opponents simply leave.
Current situations In these cases, such as the, which ended in 2000, and the recent, the goal of the insurgent is not to defeat the occupying military force; that is almost always an impossible task given the disparity in resources. Rather, they seek through a constant campaign of sneak attacks to inflict continuous casualties upon their superior enemy forces and thereby over time demoralize the occupying forces and erode political support for the occupation in the homeland of the occupying forces. It is a simple strategy of repeated pin-pricks and bleedings that, though small in proportion to the total force strength, sap the will of the occupier to continue the fight.
David Galula gained his practical experience in counter-insurgency as a French officer in the. His theory of counterinsurgency is not primarily military, but a combination of military, political and social actions under the strong control of a single authority. Galula proposes four 'laws' for counterinsurgency:. The aim of the war is to gain the support of the population rather than control of territory. Most of the population will be neutral in the conflict; support of the masses can be obtained with the help of an active friendly minority.
Support of the population may be lost. The population must be efficiently protected to allow it to cooperate without fear of retribution by the opposite party.
Order enforcement should be done progressively by removing or driving away armed opponents, then gaining support of the population, and eventually strengthening positions by building infrastructure and setting long-term relationships with the population. This must be done area by area, using a pacified territory as a basis of operation to conquer a neighbouring area. Galula contends that: A victory in a counterinsurgency is not the destruction in a given area of the insurgent's forces and his political organization. A victory is that plus the permanent isolation of the insurgent from the population, isolation not enforced upon the population, but maintained by and with the population. In conventional warfare, strength is assessed according to military or other tangible criteria, such as the number of divisions, the position they hold, the industrial resources, etc. In revolutionary warfare, strength must be assessed by the extent of support from the population as measured in terms of political organization at the grass roots. The counterinsurgent reaches a position of strength when his power is embedded in a political organization issuing from, and firmly supported by, the population.
With his four principles in mind, Galula goes on to describe a general military and political strategy to put them into operation in an area that is under full insurgent control: In a Selected Area 1. Concentrate enough armed forces to destroy or to expel the main body of armed insurgents. Detach for the area sufficient troops to oppose an insurgent's comeback in strength, install these troops in the hamlets, villages, and towns where the population lives. Establish contact with the population, control its movements in order to cut off its links with the guerrillas. Destroy the local insurgent political organization.
Set up, by means of elections, new provisional local authorities. Test those authorities by assigning them various concrete tasks. Replace the softs and the incompetents, give full support to the active leaders.
Organize self-defense units. Group and educate the leaders in a national political movement. Win over or suppress the last insurgent remnants. According to Galula, some of these steps can be skipped in areas that are only partially under insurgent control, and most of them are unnecessary in areas already controlled by the government. Thus the essence of counterinsurgency warfare is summed up by Galula as 'Build (or rebuild) a political machine from the population upward.'
Robert Thompson wrote Defeating Communist Insurgency in 1966, arguing that a successful counter-insurgency effort must be proactive in seizing the initiative from insurgents. Thompson outlines five basic principles for a successful counter-insurgency:. The government must have a clear political aim: to establish and maintain a free, independent and united country which is politically and economically stable and viable;. The government must function in accordance with the law;.
The government must have an overall plan;. The government must give priority to defeating political subversion, not the guerrillas;. In the guerrilla phase of an insurgency, a government must secure its base areas first.
David Kilcullen. Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency In 'The Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency', Dr., the Chief Strategist of the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism of the in 2006, described a framework for interagency cooperation in counterinsurgency operations. His pillars – Security, Political and Economic – support the overarching goal of Control, but are based on Information: This is because perception is crucial in developing control and influence over population groups. Substantive security, political and economic measures are critical but to be effective they must rest upon, and integrate with a broader information strategy. Every action in counterinsurgency sends a message; the purpose of the information campaign is to consolidate and unify this message. Importantly, the information campaign has to be conducted at a global, regional and local level — because modern insurgents draw upon global networks of sympathy, support, funding and recruitment.
Kilcullen considers the three pillars to be of equal importance, because unless they are developed in parallel, the campaign becomes unbalanced: too much economic assistance with inadequate security, for example, simply creates an array of soft targets for the insurgents. Similarly, too much security assistance without political consensus or governance simply creates more capable armed groups. In developing each pillar, we measure progress by gauging effectiveness (capability and capacity) and legitimacy (the degree to which the population accepts that government actions are in its interest). The overall goal, according to this model, 'is not to reduce violence to zero or to kill every insurgent, but rather to return the overall system to normality — noting that 'normality' in one society may look different from normality in another. In each case, we seek not only to establish control, but also to consolidate that control and then transfer it to permanent, effective and legitimate institutions.'
Martin van Creveld Military historian, noting that almost all attempts to deal with insurgency have ended in failure, advises: The first, and absolutely indispensable, thing to do is throw overboard 99 percent of the literature on counterinsurgency, counterguerrilla, counterterrorism, and the like. Since most of it was written by the losing side, it is of little value. In examining why so many counterinsurgencies by powerful militaries fail against weaker enemies, Van Creveld identifies a key dynamic that he illustrates by the metaphor of killing a child. Regardless of whether the child started the fight or how well armed the child is, an adult in a fight with a child will feel that he is acting unjustly if he harms the child and foolish if the child harms him; he will therefore wonder if the fight is necessary.
Van Creveld argues that 'by definition, a strong counterinsurgent who uses his strength to kill the members of a small, weak organization of insurgents – let alone the civilian population by which it is surrounded, and which may lend it support – will commit crimes in an unjust cause,' while 'a child who is in a serious fight with an adult is justified in using every and any means available – not because he or she is right, but because he or she has no choice.' Every act of insurgency becomes, from the perspective of the counterinsurgent, a reason to end the conflict, while also being a reason for the insurgents to continue until victory., second in command to of, wrote in his Primer for Revolt: The guiding principle of the strategy for our whole resistance must be to prolong the war. To protract the war is the key to victory. Why must the war be protracted? If we throw the whole of our forces into a few battles to try to decide the outcome, we shall certainly be defeated and the enemy will win.
On the other hand, if while fighting we maintain our forces, expand them, train our army and people, learn military tactics. And at the same time wear down the enemy forces, we shall weary and discourage them in such a way that, strong as they are, they will become weak and will meet defeat instead of victory. Van Creveld thus identifies 'time' as the key factor in counterinsurgency.
In an attempt to find lessons from the few cases of successful counterinsurgency, of which he lists two clear cases: the British efforts during of and the 1982 carried out by the government to suppress the, he asserts that the 'core of the difficulty is neither military nor political, but moral' and outlines two distinct methods. The first method relies on superb intelligence, provided by those who know the natural and artificial environment of the conflict as well as the insurgents. Once such superior intelligence is gained, the counterinsurgents must be trained to a point of high professionalism and discipline such that they will exercise discrimination and restraint. Through such discrimination and restraint, the counterinsurgents do not alienate members of the populace besides those already fighting them, while delaying the time when the counterinsurgents become disgusted by their own actions and demoralized. General, British commander of troops in northern Ireland, explicitly stated that his objective was not to kill as many terrorists as possible, but to ensure that as few people on both sides were killed. In the vast majority of counterinsurgencies, the 'forces of order' kill far more people than they lose. In contrast and using very rough figures, the struggle in Northern Ireland had cost the United Kingdom three thousand casualties in dead alone.
Of the three thousand, about seventeen hundred were civilians.of the remaining, a thousand were British soldiers. No more than three hundred were terrorists, a ratio of three to one. If the prerequisites for the first method – excellent intelligence, superbly trained and disciplined soldiers and police, and an iron will to avoid being provoked into lashing out – are lacking, van Creveld posits that counterinsurgents who still want to win must use the second method exemplified by the. In 1982 the regime of Syrian president was on the point of being overwhelmed by the countrywide insurgency of the. Al-Assad sent a division under his brother to the city of, known to be the center of the resistance. Following a counterattack by the Brotherhood, Rifaat used his heavy artillery to demolish the city, killing between ten and 25 thousand people, including many women and children.
Asked by reporters what had happened, Hafez al-Assad exaggerated the damage and deaths, promoted the commanders who carried out the attacks, and razed Hama's well-known great mosque, replacing it with a parking lot. With the Muslim Brotherhood scattered, the population was so cowed that it would be years before opposition groups dared to disobey the regime again and, van Creveld argues, the massacre most likely saved the regime and prevented a bloody. Van Creveld condenses al-Assad's strategy into five rules, while noting that they could easily have been written by:. There are situations in which cruelty is necessary, and refusing to apply necessary cruelty is a betrayal of the people who put you into power. When pressed to cruelty, never threaten your opponent but disguise your intention and feign weakness until you strike. Once you decide to strike, it is better to kill too many than not enough. If another strike is needed, it reduces the impact of the first strike.
Repeated strikes will also endanger the morale of the counterinsurgent troops; soldiers forced to commit repeated atrocities will likely begin to resort to alcohol or drugs to force themselves to carry out orders and will inevitably lose their military edge, eventually turning into a danger to their commanders. Act as soon as possible. More lives will be saved by decisive action early, than by prolonging the insurgency.
The longer you wait, the more inured the population will be to bloodshed, and the more barbaric your action will have to be to make an impression. Strike openly. Do not apologize, make excuses about ', express regret, or promise investigations. Afterwards, make sure that as many people as possible know of your strike; media is useful for this purpose, but be careful not to let them interview survivors and arouse sympathy.
Do not command the strike yourself, in case it doesn't work for some reason and you need to disown your commander and try another strategy. If it does work, present your commander to the world, explain what you have done and make certain that everyone understands that you are ready to strike again. Lorenzo Zambernardi In 'Counterinsurgency’s Impossible Trilemma', Dr. Lorenzo Zambernardi, an Italian academic now working in the United States, clarifies the tradeoffs involved in counterinsurgency operations. He argues that counterinsurgency involves three main goals, but in real practice a counterinsurgent needs to choose two goals out of three.
Relying on economic theory, this is what Zambernardi labels the 'impossible trilemma' of counterinsurgency. Specifically, the impossible trilemma suggests that it is impossible to simultaneously achieve: 1) force protection, 2) distinction between enemy combatants and noncombatants, and 3) the physical elimination of insurgents. According to Zambernardi, in pursuing any two of these three goals, a state must forgo some portion of the third objective.
In particular, a state can protect its armed forces while destroying insurgents, but only by indiscriminately killing civilians as the Ottomans, Italians, and Nazis did in the Balkans, Libya, and Eastern Europe. It can choose to protect civilians along with its own armed forces instead, avoiding so-called collateral damage, but only by abandoning the objective of destroying the insurgents. Finally, a state can discriminate between combatants and noncombatants while killing insurgents, but only by increasing the risks for its own troops, as the United States and ISAF did in Afghanistan under the leadership of Gen. So a country must choose two out of three goals and develop a strategy that can successfully accomplish them, while sacrificing the third objective. Zambernardi’s theory posits that to protect populations, which is necessary to defeat insurgencies, and to physically destroy an insurgency, the counterinsurgent’s military forces must be sacrificed, risking the loss of domestic political support. Akali Omeni Another writer who explores a trio of features relevant to understanding counter-insurgency, is Dr. Within the contemporary context, COIN warfare by African militaries tends to be at the margins of the theoretical debate - even though Africa today is faced with a number of deadly insurgencies.
In Counter-insurgency in Nigeria, Omeni, a Nigerian academic, discusses the interactions between certain features away from the battlefield, which account for battlefield performance against insurgent warfare. Specifically, Omeni argues that the trio of historical experience, organisational culture (OC) and doctrine, help explain the institution of COIN within militaries and their tendency to reject the innovation and adaptation often necessary to defeat insurgency. These three features, furthermore, influence and can undermine the operational tactics and concepts adopted against insurgents. The COIN challenge, therefore, is not just operational; it also is cultural and institutional before ever it reflects on the battlefield. According to Omeni, institutional isomorphism is a sociological phenomenon that constrains the habits of a military (in this case, the Nigerian military) to the long-established, yet increasingly ineffective, ideology of the offensive in irregular warfare.
As Omeni writes, Whereas the Nigerian military’s performance against militias in the Niger Delta already suggested the military had a poor grasp of the threat of insurgent warfare; it was further along the line, as the military struggled against Boko Haram’s threat, that the extent of this weakness was exposed. At best, the utility of force, for the Nigerian military, had become but a temporary solution against the threat of insurgent warfare.
At worst, the existing model has been perpetuated at such high cost, that urgent revisionist thinking around the idea of counter-insurgency within the military institution may now be required. Additionally, the military’s decisive civil war victory, the pivot in Nigeria’s strategic culture towards a regional role, and the institutional delegitimization brought about by decades of coups and political meddling, meant that much time went by without substantive revisionism to military’s thinking around its internal function. Change moreover, where it occurred, was institutionally isomorphic and not as far removed from the military’s own origins as the intervening decades may have suggested. Further, the infantry-centric nature of the Nigerian Army's battalions, traceable all the way back to the Civil War in Nigeria back in the 1960s, is reflected in the kinetic nature of the Army's contemporary COIN approach.
This approach has failed to defeat Boko Haram in the way many expected. Certainly, therefore, the popular argument today, which holds that the Nigerian Army has struggled in COIN due to capabilities shortcomings, holds some merit. However, a full-spectrum analysis of the Nigeria case suggests that this popular dominant narrative scarcely scratches the surface of the true COIN challenge. This population-centered challenge, moreover, is one that militaries across the world continue to contend with.
And in attempting to solve the COIN puzzle, state forces over the decades have tried a range of tactics. Tactics Population control.
A in c.1964 With regard to tactics, the terms 'drain the water' or 'drain the swamp' involves the forced of the population ('water') to expose the rebels or ('fish'). In other words, relocation deprives the aforementioned of the support, cover, and resources of the local population.
One of the earliest examples of the strategy was applied by the during the; to segregate potential supporters from, tactics were used to destroy Boer farmland while Boers were shipped abroad or confined to converted from refugee camps for displaced Boers. The tactic was later refined in the during the, when predominantly rural population centers with suspected sympathizers were gutted and their populations transferred to enclosed and guarded ' to control and monitor population activity; to improve local support for the British, New Villages were equipped with adequate basic amenities, including running water, electricity, and health and education services. A somewhat similar strategy was used extensively by in until 1969, initially by forcing the rural population into fenced, secured villages, referred to as, and later by declaring the areas people in the Strategic Hamlets had come from as to remove the remainder of the population from their villages and farms. Widespread use was made of (which was first used on a large scale by the British during the Malayan Emergency), sprayed from airplanes, to destroy crops that might have provided resources for and and their human support base. These measures proved ineffective, since, who oversaw the program, was a communist agent and sabotaged the implementation of the hamlets. This allowed Viet Cong activists and sympathizers to infiltrate the new communities.
In any event, the was only partly a counter-insurgency campaign, as it also involved conventional combat between US/ forces, Main Force Battalions, and the North Vietnamese Army. According to a report of the: Among the most effective means are such population-control measures as vehicle and personnel checkpoints and national identity cards. In Malaya, the requirement to carry an with a photo and thumbprint forced the to abandon their original three-phase political-military strategy and caused divisive infighting among their leaders over how to respond to this effective population-control measure. Oil spot The oil spot approach is the concentration of counter-insurgent forces into an expanding, secured zone.
The origins of the expression is to be found in its initial use by Marshal, the main theoretician of French colonial warfare and counter-insurgency strategy. The oil spot approach was later one of the justifications given in the for the. Cordon and search is a military tactic, one of the basic counter-insurgency operations in which an area is cordoned off and premises are searched for weapons or insurgents.
Other related operations are 'Cordon and knock' and 'Cordon and kick'. 'Cordon and search' is part of new doctrine called or SASO. It is a technique used where there is no hard intelligence of weapons in the house and therefore is less intense than a normal house search. It is used in urban neighborhoods. The purpose of the mission is to search a house with as little inconvenience to the resident family as possible. Air operations. A gives a young boy a coloring book during a meeting with village religious leaders to gain their support and obtain information, Afghanistan 2008 Public diplomacy In General ’ Counterinsurgency, one of the many tactics described to help win in counterinsurgency warfare involves the use of through military means.
Counterinsurgency is effective when it is integrated 'into a comprehensive strategy employing all instruments of national power,' including public diplomacy. The goal of COIN operations is to render the insurgents as ineffective and non-influential, by having strong and secure relations with the population of the host nation.
An understanding of the host nation and the environment that the COIN operations will take place in is essential. Public diplomacy in COIN warfare is only effective when there is a clear understanding of the culture and population at hand. One of the largest factors needed for defeating an insurgency involves understanding the populace, how they interact with the insurgents, how they interact with non-government organizations in the area, and how they view the counterinsurgency operations themselves. Is a common public diplomacy aspect that is emphasized in COIN warfare. Insurgents win their war by attacking internal will and the international opposition. In order to combat these tactics the counterinsurgency operations need to treat their prisoners and detainees humanely and according to American values and principles. By doing this, COIN operations show the host nation’s population that they can be trusted and that they are concerned about the well being of the population in order to be successful in warfare.
A hands out candy to children while conducting counterinsurgency operations in, 2010 'Political, social, and economic programs are usually more valuable than conventional military operations in addressing the root causes of the conflict and undermining the insurgency.' These programs are essential in order to gain the support of the population. These programs are designed to make the local population feel secure, safe, and more aligned with the counterinsurgency efforts; this enables the citizens of the host nation to trust the goals and purposes of the counterinsurgency efforts, as opposed to the insurgents’. A counterinsurgency is a battle of ideas and the implementation and integration of these programs is important for success. Social, political and economic programs should be coordinated and administered by the host nation’s leaders, as well. Successful COIN warfare allows the population to see that the counterinsurgency efforts are including the host nation in their re-building programs.
The war is fought among the people and for the people between the insurgents and the counterinsurgents. A counterinsurgency is won by utilizing strategic communications and successfully. A counterinsurgency is a competition of ideas, ideologies, and socio-political movements. In order to combat insurgent ideologies one must understand the values and characteristics of the or religion. Additionally, counterinsurgency efforts need to understand the culture of which the insurgency resides, in order to strategically launch information and communication operations against the insurgent ideology or religion. Counterinsurgency information operatives need to also identify key audiences, communicators, and public leaders to know who to influence and reach out to with their information. Information operations Public diplomacy in information operations can only be achieved by a complete understanding of the it is operating in.
Counterinsurgency Field Manual
Counterinsurgency operations must be able to perceive the world from the locals’ perspective. To develop a comprehensive cultural picture counterinsurgency efforts should invest in employing 'media consultants, finance and business experts, psychologists, organizational network analysts, and scholars from a wide range of disciplines.'
Most importantly, counterinsurgency efforts need to be able to understand why the local population is drawn into the insurgent ideology; like what aspects are appealing and how insurgents use information to draw their followers into the ideology. Counterinsurgency communication efforts need a baseline understanding of values, attitudes, and perceptions of the people in the area of operations to conduct successful public diplomacy to defeat the enemy. Developing information and communication strategies involve providing a legitimate alternate ideology, improving security and economic opportunity, and strengthening family ties outside of the. In order to conduct public diplomacy through these means, counterinsurgency communication needs to match its deeds with its words. Information provided through public diplomacy during a counterinsurgency cannot lie, the information and communication to the people always has to be truthful and trustworthy in order to be effective at countering the insurgents. Public diplomacy in counterinsurgency to influence the public thoughts and ideas is a long time engagement and should not be done through negative campaigning about the enemy.
Conducting public diplomacy through relaying information and communicating with the public in a counterinsurgency is most successful when a conversation can happen between the counterinsurgency team and the local population of the area of operation. Building rapport with the public involves 'listening, paying attention, and being responsive and proactive' which is sufficient for the local population to understand and trust the counterinsurgency efforts and vice versa.
This relationship is stringent upon the counterinsurgents keeping their promises, providing security to the locals, and communicating their message directly and quickly in times of need. Understanding and influencing the cognitive dimension of the local population is essential to winning counterinsurgency warfare. The people’s perception of legitimacy about the host nation and the foreign country’s counterinsurgency efforts is where success is determined. 'The free flow of information present in all theaters via television, telephone, and Internet, can present conflicting messages and quickly defeat the intended effects.' Coordination between the counterinsurgency operations, the host nation, and the local media in information presented to the public is essential to showing and influencing how the local population perceives the counterinsurgency efforts and the host nation., the media, and rumors influence how the people view counterinsurgency, the government hosting their efforts, and the host nation.
The use of public diplomacy to strategically relay the correct messages and information to the public is essential to success in a counterinsurgency operation. For example, close relationships with media members in the area is essential to ensure that the locals understand the counterinsurgency objectives and feel secure with the host nation government and the counterinsurgency efforts. If the local media is not in sync with the counterinsurgency operatives then they could spread incomplete or false information about the counterinsurgency campaign to the public.
'Given Al Qaeda’s global reach, the United States must develop a more integrated strategic communication strategy for counter-insurgency with its allies to diminish violent rhetoric, improve its image abroad, and detect, deter, and defeat this social movement at its many levels.' Information operations and communicative abilities are one of the largest and most influence aspects of public diplomacy within a counterinsurgency. Public diplomacy is especially important as modern insurgents are more easily able to gain support through a variety of sources, both local and transnational, thanks to advances in increased communication and globalization. Consequently, modern counter-insurgency requires attention to be focused on an insurgency's ecosystem from the national to the local level, in order to deprive the insurgency of support and prevent future insurgent groups from forming. Specific doctrines British Empire Malaya British forces were able to employ the relocation method with considerable success during the '.
The, implemented fully in 1950, relocated into protected ', designated by British forces. By the end of 1951, some 400,000 ethnic Chinese had moved into the fortifications. Of this population, the British forces were able to form a 'Home Guard', armed for resistance against the, an implementation mirrored by the later used by US forces in South Vietnam. Despite British claims of a victory in the Malayan Emergency, military historian noted that the end result of the counterinsurgency, namely the withdrawal of British forces and establishment of an independent state, are identical to that of, and, which are not considered victories.
Dutch Empire The Dutch formulated a new strategy of counter-insurgency warfare, during the by deploying light-armed Marechaussee units and using scorched earth tactics. In 1898 was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later Dutch Prime Minister, would finally conquer most of Aceh. They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative uleebelang or secular chiefs that would support them in the countryside and isolating the resistance from their rural support base. During the Captain of the, Special Forces of the used the Westerling Method. Westerling ordered the registration of all Javanese arriving in Makassar due to the large numbers of Javanese participating in the Sulawesi resistance. He also used scouts to infiltrate local villages and to identify members of the resistance.
Based on their information and that of the Dutch military intelligence service, the DST surrounded one of more suspected villages during night, after which they drove the population to a central location. At daybreak, the operation began, often led by Westerling. Men would be separated from women and children. From the gathered information Westerling exposed certain people as terrorists and murderers. They were shot without any further investigation. Afterwards Westerling forced local communities to refrain from supporting guerillas by swearing on the Quran and established local self-defence units with some members recruited from former guerrillas deemed as 'redeemable'.
Fm 3 24 Counterinsurgency
Westerling directed eleven operations throughout the campaign. He succeeded in eliminating the insurgency and undermining local support for the Republicans. His actions restored Dutch rule in southern Sulawesi. However, the Netherlands East Indies government and the Dutch army command soon realised that Westerling's notoriety led to growing public criticism.
In April 1947 the Dutch government instituted an official inquiry of his controversial methods. Raymond Westerling was put on the sidelines. He was relieved of his duties in November 1948.
France France had major counterinsurgency wars in its in and. McClintock cited the basic points of French doctrine as:. Quadrillage (an administrative grid of population and territory). Ratissage (cordoning and 'raking'). Regroupement (relocating and closely controlling a suspect population). ‘Tache d'huile' – The 'oil spot' strategy.
Recruitment of local leaders and forces. Paramilitary organization and militias Much of the thinking was informed by the work of earlier leading French theoreticians of colonial warfare and counter-insurgency, Marshals Bugeaud, Gallieni and Lyautey. While McClintock cites the 1894 Algerian governor, as saying 'By destroying the administration and local government we were also suppressing our means of action.The result is that we are today confronted by a sort of human dust on which we have no influence and in which movements take place which are unknown to us.'
Cambon's philosophy, however, did not seem to survive into the, (1954–1962). Main article: 's experience in counterinsurgency resulted from the 'pacification' campaigns conducted in the in the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Portugal conducted large scale counterinsurgency operations in, and against independentist guerrillas supported by the and, as well by some. Although these campaigns are collectively known as the ', there were in fact three different ones: the, the and the. The situation was unique in that small armed forces – – were able to conduct three counterinsurgency wars at the same time, in three different separated by thousands of. For these operations, Portugal developed its own counterinsurgency doctrine. United States.
Main article: The United States has conducted counterinsurgency campaigns during the, the, the post-2001, and the. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in increased interest in counterinsurgency within the American military, exemplified by the 2006 publication of a new joint Army 3-24/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication No. 3-33.5, Counterinsurgency, which replaced the documents separately published by the Army and Marine Corps 20–25 years prior. Views of the doctrine contained in the manual has been mixed. The 2014 version of FM 3-24/MCWP 3-33.5 acquired a new title, Insurgencies and Countering Insurgencies, it consists of three main parts, Part one provides strategic and operational context, part two provides the doctrine for understanding insurgencies, and part three provides doctrine for defeating an insurgency. In short, FM 3-24/MCWP 3-33.5 is organized to provide the context of a problem, the problem, and possible solutions.
Counterinsurgency Manual
In the recent conflicts the (Air Assault) has been increasingly involved conducting especially the training and development of other states' military and security forces. This is known in the special operations community as. It was announced 14 January 2016 that 1,800 soldiers from the 101st's Headquarters and its 2nd Brigade Combat Team will deploy soon on regular rotations to Baghdad and Irbil to train and advise Iraqi army and Kurdish Peshmerga forces who are expected in the coming months to move toward Mosul, the Islamic State group's de facto headquarters in Iraq. The 101st Airborne Division will serve an integral role in preparing Iraqi ground troops to expel the Islamic State group from Mosul, Defense Secretary Ash Carter told the division's soldiers during a January 2016 visit to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Defense Secretary Ash Carter told the 101st Airborne Division that 'The Iraqi and peshmerga forces you will train, advise and assist have proven their determination, their resiliency, and increasingly, their capability, but they need you to continue building on that success, preparing them for the fight today and the long hard fight for their future.
They need your skill. They need your experience.' Foreign internal defense policymaking has subsequently aided in Iraqi successes in, and from the. See also.